A concern has been raised

By a patient, a family, a colleague, your employer or your regulator, and you need something behind
your response. Speak to your union or indemnity provider first.

An investigation is open

Section 6 covers what follows a breach of ethical standards and the remediation steps that answer a
concern rather than restating it. For the process itself, see Fitness to Practice for Healthcare Professionals.

The concern is about a decision, or about conduct

Ethics and conduct run together, and this course addresses both. Most concerns are a bit of each: a
judgement someone disagrees with, and something about how it was handled, recorded or explained
afterwards.

You have to write a reflection or a response

And want it to read as considered judgement rather than hindsight. Setting out how you weighed a
decision is what makes that possible, and our Module on Reflection covers the writing itself.

You are applying for restoration or readmission

You are off a register and working towards returning. What you did in the meantime is the heart of
the application, and you do not need to be registered to take this.

You are building your CPD

Two verifiable hours you can complete and record today, with a certificate showing the title, the
hours and the date.

Consent and capacity

Care given to someone who could not consent, or who could and was not properly asked. Capacity is
decision-specific and it changes, so the answer depends on when you asked as much as whether you did. Our Privacy, Consent and Chaperone course covers this in depth.

Confidentiality and public safety

A disclosure decision that was defensible either way until you had to justify which way you went
— or information shared without a basis, to a relative, an employer or a colleague. Our Ensuring Confidentiality course takes the disclosure test apart.

End-of-life care and advance decisions

A previously expressed wish meeting a present clinical situation nobody anticipated, and a family who
may not agree with either.

Honesty after the event

The largest category of all. Something competent, or an ordinary mistake, followed by a note written
to look better, an incomplete account, or a delay in telling anyone. That is usually what escalates, and our Duty of Candour course covers the hour afterwards.

Raising concerns and whistleblowing

A colleague’s practice, an employer’s conduct or a staffing level you knew was unsafe
— whether you raised it, when, and whether there is a record that you did.

Resource pressure and rationing

A decision you would not have made with more time, more staff or more of something. Context is not an
excuse, but it is not irrelevant either, and how you present it matters.

Technology and artificial intelligence

Decision-support tools and automation, and the question of who remains accountable when a system
contributed to a decision. The newest of these concerns and the least settled.

Introduction

Two lessons: what ethics means in healthcare, and why it matters in practice rather than in principle.

The core ethical principles

Five lessons: autonomy and informed consent, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and resource allocation, and fidelity — honesty, integrity and trustworthiness, the principle most often missing from the standard four and the one most concerns actually engage.

Ethical frameworks and decision-making

Four lessons: the recognised ways of reasoning a difficult decision through, applying them to real scenarios, and the role of clinical ethics committees and consultations where a decision is genuinely contested.

Standards and guidance

Two lessons: what the UK healthcare regulators expect, and aligning everyday practice with those expectations.

Ethical challenges and dilemmas

Six lessons and the largest section: consent and capacity, end-of-life care and advance decisions, confidentiality against public safety, whistleblowing, resource limitations and fairness, and technology and artificial intelligence.

Breaches, consequences and remediation

Three lessons and the part that answers a live concern: what constitutes a breach of ethical standards, what follows one, and the role of insight, reflection and remediation.

Conclusion and assessment

Conclusion and key takeaways, followed by a post-course assessment. Your certificate is issued on completion.

Insight

Understanding what went wrong, why it happened, and the effect it had on the person affected and on public confidence. The element assessed in almost every case, and the one most often described as lacking — our Module on Insight is devoted to it.

Remediation

The evidenced change that follows insight: what you now do differently, and what somebody else can verify. Saying you would act differently is not remediation until there is evidence of it.

Fidelity

Honesty, integrity and trustworthiness — keeping faith with the person who trusted you. A fifth principle alongside autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice, and the one most regulatory concerns actually engage.

Duty of candour

Telling the person in your care promptly when something has gone wrong, apologising, and explaining what happened and what will be done about it. Whether it was done, and how quickly, is often more decisive than the original error.

Ethical framework

A structured way of working through a decision rather than a rule that settles it. Section 3 covers the recognised ones — utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics — and, more usefully, how to show which of them your reasoning followed.

Clinical ethics committee

A body providing structured advice on contested clinical decisions. Using one is a strength rather than an admission of uncertainty, and it creates a record that the question was taken seriously.

Set out the facts before the reasoning

What was known at the time, what was not, and what the pressures were. A reader who cannot picture the situation cannot assess the decision, and a fact supplied later looks like a fact withheld.

Show the reasoning, and the alternatives

Name what you weighed and what you rejected. An account that gives a conclusion without the weighing invites the reader to supply their own, which is rarely the reading you want.

Separate what was a judgement from what was wrong

Concede the second plainly and early. Ethics and conduct run together in most concerns, and defending a genuine error as a difficult call damages the parts of your account that were defensible.

Say what has changed, and evidence it

Insight followed by remediation: the specific thing you now do differently, and the certificate, record, supervision or audit that shows it. Intentions are not evidence.

Write it in the vocabulary it will be read in

Insight, remediation, candour, capacity, disclosure. Using the words your regulator uses is not window dressing — it lets a reader match your account to the standard it is being assessed against.

Take advice before you send it

Your union, indemnity provider or defence organisation should see anything you put in writing to a regulator or an employer. Anonymise case material in anything you keep for your own record.

Doctors

Registered with the General Medical Council, along with physician associates and anaesthesia associates. The standards live in Good medical practice, whose fourth domain covers trust and professionalism.

The dental team

Dentists, dental nurses, dental hygienists, dental therapists, orthodontic therapists, dental technicians and clinical dental technicians, registered with the General Dental Council. Dental nurses are the largest group on that register.

Nurses, midwives and nursing associates

Registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, whose Code sets professional standards of practice and behaviour. The NMC calls the route back readmission where most regulators say restoration.

Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians

Registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council, which regulates registered pharmacies as well as individuals.

Health and care professionals

Fifteen professions, from paramedics and physiotherapists to radiographers, occupational therapists, dietitians and practitioner psychologists, registered with the Health and Care Professions Council under its standards of conduct, performance and ethics.

Optometrists and dispensing opticians

Both are registered with the General Optical Council, and both are covered here — the dispensing optician meets the advice-against-sale question most directly.

Chiropractors

Registered with the General Chiropractic Council, whose Code was re-lettered in 2026, so quote the wording rather than a remembered letter.

Osteopaths

Registered with the General Osteopathic Council, which sets the Osteopathic Practice Standards.

Social workers in England

Registered with Social Work England. Registrants in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regulated separately, but the reasoning transfers unchanged.

Conduct rather than reasoning: telling plainly wrong behaviour from a genuine dilemma, and what to concede.

Clinical decisions, including what to do when a patient refuses treatment you believe they need.

The process itself — what happens once a concern is raised, and what to do first.

Being open when something goes wrong, and apologising properly — the hour after the error.

How you conducted yourself, and which professionalism standard applies to your profession.

The disclosure decision in depth — confidentiality against public safety, and on what basis.

Consent and capacity as a continuous process rather than a signature.

The element assessed in almost every case, and the one most often described as lacking.

How to write reflection that reads as understanding rather than regret.

Turning insight into concrete, evidenced change somebody else can verify.